Репрезентация власти в письмах населения в газету «Кировская правда» во второй половине 1960-х гг.

This article examines the regional peculiarities underlying the representation of Soviet power in letters to a newspaper which are viewed as a means of communication between the public and the authorities and as an example of the political activity of the population of Kirov Region. The author refers to previously unpublished letters sent to the Kirovskaya Pravda newspaper by its readers between 1964 and 1970. The information potential of the population’s letters makes it possible to single out and interpret typical and specific forms of representation of Soviet power in the transforming socio-political conditions of the USSR in the second half of the 1960s. Historiographers consider citizens’ letters an integral part of Soviet political culture. An analysis of the population’s letters to a local newspaper suggests a characteristic of the system and structure of Kirov Region’s inhabitants’ idea of the capital, regional, and local authorities in a wide socio-political context. While interpreting the assessments of the local authorities present in the letters, the author pays attention to the socio-political conditions in the USSR in the second half of the 1960s. In the article, special attention is paid to the Kirov Region’s population’s response to Khrushchev’s resignation, which, according to the author, determined the evaluation of the local authorities. Referring to particular examples, the author proves that when characterising the authorities in their letters, the population appealed to official discourse. The article provides a comparative characteristic of forms in which the authorities of different levels were represented — from their reproduction in symbolic images (revolutionary and ideological) to the definition of their utilitarian meanings. Turning to the authorities in order to resolve their personal everyday problems and common social problems, the inhabitants of Kirov Region determined the usefulness of the authorities. The author concludes that in their letters, the citizens reproduced the paternalistic model of relationships with the Soviet authorities pointing to the fact that the characteristic of the authorities depended on the regional socio-political situation. Статья посвящена изучению региональной специфики репрезентации советской власти в «письмах в газету», которые рассматриваются как способ коммуникации общества с властью и пример политической активности жителей Кировской области. В качестве источников привлечены неопубликованные письма читателей, поступившие в газету «Кировская правда» в 1964–1970 гг. Информационный потенциал писем населения дает возможность выделить и интерпретировать типичные и специфические формы репрезентации советской власти в трансформировавшихся социально-политических условиях в СССР во второй половине 1960-х гг. В историографии письма граждан рассматриваются исследователями как неотъемлемая часть советской политической культуры. Анализ писем населения в областную газету предлагает характеристику системы и структуры представлений жителей Кировской области о власти столичного, областного и местного уровней в широком социально-политическом контексте. Интерпретируя представленные в письмах оценки местных руководителей, автор обращает внимание на социально-политические условия в СССР во второй половине 1960-х гг. Особое внимание уделено откликам жителей Кировской области на отставку Н. С. Хрущева, определявшую, по мнению автора, оценки местной власти. На конкретных примерах показывается, что в письмах при характеристике власти население апеллировало к официальному дискурсу. Дается сравнительная характеристика форм репрезентации власти разных уровней — от воспроизводства ее символических («революционных», идейных) образов до определения ее утилитарных значений. Жители Кировской области, обращаясь к власти для решения личных бытовых вопросов и общих социальных проблем, определяли «полезность» ее действий. Автор делает вывод, что в письмах население воспроизводило патерналистскую модель взаимоотношений с советской властью, указывая на то, что характеристика власти определялась региональной социально-политической ситуацией

Model based collaborative design & optimization of blended wing body aircraft configuration: AGILE EU project

Novel configuration design choices may help achieve revolutionary goals for reducing fuel burn, emission and noise, set by Flightpath 2050. One such advance configuration is a blended wing body. Due to multi-diciplinary nature of the configuration, several partners with disciplinary expertise collaborate in a Model driven ‘AGILE MDAO framework’ to design and evaluate the novel configuration. The objective of this research are : - To create and test a model based collaborative framework using AGILE Paradigm for novel configuration design & optimization, involving large multinational team. Reduce setup time for complex MDO problem. - Through Multi fidelity design space exploration, evaluate aerodynamic performance - The BWB disciplinary analysis models such as aerodynamics, propulsion, onboard systems, S&C were integrated and intermediate results are published in this report

Streamlining Cross-Organizational Aircraft Development: Results from the AGILE Project

The research and innovation AGILE project developed the next generation of aircraft Multidisciplinary Design and Optimization processes, which target significant reductions in aircraft development costs and time to market, leading to more cost-effective and greener aircraft solutions. The high level objective is the reduction of the lead time of 40% with respect to the current state-of-the-art. 19 industry, research and academia partners from Europe, Canada and Russia developed solutions to cope with the challenges of collaborative design and optimization of complex products. In order to accelerate the deployment of large-scale, collaborative multidisciplinary design and optimization (MDO), a novel methodology, the so-called AGILE Paradigm, has been developed. Furthermore, the AGILE project has developed and released a set of open technologies enabling the implementation of the AGILE Paradigm approach. The collection of all the technologies constitutes AGILE Framework, which has been deployed for the design and the optimization of multiple aircraft configurations. This paper focuses on the application of the AGILE Paradigm on seven novel aircraft configurations, proving the achievement of the project’s objectives

Bacteriophage-Resistant Mutants in Yersinia pestis: Identification of Phage Receptors and Attenuation for Mice

Background: Bacteriophages specific for Yersinia pestis are routinely used for plague diagnostics and could be an alternative to antibiotics in case of drug-resistant plague. A major concern of bacteriophage therapy is the emergence of phageresistant mutants. The use of phage cocktails can overcome this problem but only if the phages exploit different receptors. Some phage-resistant mutants lose virulence and therefore should not complicate bacteriophage therapy. Methodology/Principal Findings: The purpose of this work was to identify Y. pestis phage receptors using site-directed mutagenesis and trans-complementation and to determine potential attenuation of phage-resistant mutants for mice. Six receptors for eight phages were found in different parts of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inner and outer core. The receptor for R phage was localized beyond the LPS core. Most spontaneous and defined phage-resistant mutants of Y. pestis were attenuated, showing increase in LD 50 and time to death. The loss of different LPS core biosynthesis enzymes resulted in the reduction of Y. pestis virulence and there was a correlation between the degree of core truncation and the impact on virulence. The yrbH and waaA mutants completely lost their virulence. Conclusions/Significance: We identified Y. pestis receptors for eight bacteriophages. Nine phages together use at least seven different Y. pestis receptors that makes some of them promising for formulation of plague therapeutic cocktails. Most phage-resistant Y. pestis mutants become attenuated and thus should not pose a serious problem for bacteriophag

Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Yersinia pestis Using Amplification of Plague Diagnostic Bacteriophages Monitored by Real-Time PCR

BACKGROUND: Yersinia pestis, the agent of plague, has caused many millions of human deaths and still poses a serious threat to global public health. Timely and reliable detection of such a dangerous pathogen is of critical importance. Lysis by specific bacteriophages remains an essential method of Y. pestis detection and plague diagnostics. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The objective of this work was to develop an alternative to conventional phage lysis tests--a rapid and highly sensitive method of indirect detection of live Y. pestis cells based on quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) monitoring of amplification of reporter Y. pestis-specific bacteriophages. Plague diagnostic phages phiA1122 and L-413C were shown to be highly effective diagnostic tools for the detection and identification of Y. pestis by using qPCR with primers specific for phage DNA. The template DNA extraction step that usually precedes qPCR was omitted. phiA1122-specific qPCR enabled the detection of an initial bacterial concentration of 10(3) CFU/ml (equivalent to as few as one Y. pestis cell per 1-microl sample) in four hours. L-413C-mediated detection of Y. pestis was less sensitive (up to 100 bacteria per sample) but more specific, and thus we propose parallel qPCR for the two phages as a rapid and reliable method of Y. pestis identification. Importantly, phiA1122 propagated in simulated clinical blood specimens containing EDTA and its titer rise was detected by both a standard plating test and qPCR. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Thus, we developed a novel assay for detection and identification of Y. pestis using amplification of specific phages monitored by qPCR. The method is simple, rapid, highly sensitive, and specific and allows the detection of only live bacteria

The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

This is the final version. Available on open access from Nature Research via the DOI in this recordData availability: All collapsed and paired-end sequence data for samples sequenced in this study are available in compressed fastq format through the European Nucleotide Archive under accession number PRJEB44430, together with rescaled and trimmed bam sequence alignments against both the nuclear and mitochondrial horse reference genomes. Previously published ancient data used in this study are available under accession numbers PRJEB7537, PRJEB10098, PRJEB10854, PRJEB22390 and PRJEB31613, and detailed in Supplementary Table 1. The genomes of ten modern horses, publicly available, were also accessed as indicated in their corresponding original publications57,61,85-87.NOTE: see the published version available via the DOI in this record for the full list of authorsDomestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 BC. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia and Anatolia, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 BC, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 BC driving the spread of Indo-European languages. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium BC Sintashta culture

"Литературность" в тексте историка: сибирские травелоги XIX века и националистический дискурс (случай П.И. Небольсина)

The article investigates the role of intertextual borrowings in the poetics of the mid-19th century Eastern travelogues, a sub-genre which had been vigorously cultivated by many authors involved in the basic strategy of Russian nationalistic discourse to present the multiple and diverse imperial territories as an integral and homogenous space. A number of obstacles on the way of this approach were created by the popular imaginative perception of vast Siberian peripheries as faraway lands, a distant and almost surreal world, exotic from both social and ethnographic points of view. In terms of poetics and semiotics, the primary objective of the author was to describe the "unknown" as "known" and "remote" as "close". Within the studied period, the feature of "recognition strategy" typical of travelogues as a genre (correlating them with topoi of classical Greek and Roman geographies) attained a distinct literary aspect. As an example the article analyzes "Notes on the Way from St.-Petersburg to Barnaul" by Pavel Nebolsin, published in 1849. Describing the everyday life of Siberians, Nebolsin introduced a number of intertextual allusions taken from oeuvres by Karamzin, Pushkin and Gogol. Eventually, the reader was offered to recognize Siberia more as "literature" rather than "geography". The forming Russian tradition of literary classics became a poetic tool of "imagining" the Eastern periphery as the continuation of the whole national world.В статье исследуется роль интертекстуальных заимствований в поэтике восточного травелога середины XIX в., субжанра, развивавшегося в русле интеграционных стратегий русского национализма, одной из ключевых задач которого было создание образа гомогенного пространства, приходящего на смену картинам пестрого имперского мира. Существенную сложность на пути развития этого подхода представляли огромные сибирские окраины, типичные имперские владения, располагавшие немалой этнографической оригинальностью. В терминах поэтики и семиотики задача, стоящая перед автором, заключалась в том, чтобы описать "незнакомое" как "знакомое" и "далекое" как "близкое". Издавна присущая травелогу как жанру стратегия "узнавания" (та или иная новая локальность соотносилась европейским автором с топосами классических землеописаний) обретает в исследуемый период отчетливо художественный аспект. В качестве примера в статье рассматриваются опубликованные в 1849 г. историком П.И. Небольсиным "Заметки на пути из Петербурга в Барнаул". В своих зарисовках сибирского быта автор прибегает к коллажу интертекстуальных цитат из наследия Карамзина, Пушкина и Гоголя. В результате читателю предлагается "узнать" Сибирь не столько как "географию", сколько как "литературу". Формирующаяся литературная классика становится поэтическим инструментом "воображения" восточной окраины как продолжения целостного национального мир

"Литературность" в тексте историка: сибирские травелоги XIX века и националистический дискурс (случай П.И. Небольсина)

The article investigates the role of intertextual borrowings in the poetics of the mid-19th century Eastern travelogues, a sub-genre which had been vigorously cultivated by many authors involved in the basic strategy of Russian nationalistic discourse to present the multiple and diverse imperial territories as an integral and homogenous space. A number of obstacles on the way of this approach were created by the popular imaginative perception of vast Siberian peripheries as faraway lands, a distant and almost surreal world, exotic from both social and ethnographic points of view. In terms of poetics and semiotics, the primary objective of the author was to describe the "unknown" as "known" and "remote" as "close". Within the studied period, the feature of "recognition strategy" typical of travelogues as a genre (correlating them with topoi of classical Greek and Roman geographies) attained a distinct literary aspect. As an example the article analyzes "Notes on the Way from St.-Petersburg to Barnaul" by Pavel Nebolsin, published in 1849. Describing the everyday life of Siberians, Nebolsin introduced a number of intertextual allusions taken from oeuvres by Karamzin, Pushkin and Gogol. Eventually, the reader was offered to recognize Siberia more as "literature" rather than "geography". The forming Russian tradition of literary classics became a poetic tool of "imagining" the Eastern periphery as the continuation of the whole national world.В статье исследуется роль интертекстуальных заимствований в поэтике восточного травелога середины XIX в., субжанра, развивавшегося в русле интеграционных стратегий русского национализма, одной из ключевых задач которого было создание образа гомогенного пространства, приходящего на смену картинам пестрого имперского мира. Существенную сложность на пути развития этого подхода представляли огромные сибирские окраины, типичные имперские владения, располагавшие немалой этнографической оригинальностью. В терминах поэтики и семиотики задача, стоящая перед автором, заключалась в том, чтобы описать "незнакомое" как "знакомое" и "далекое" как "близкое". Издавна присущая травелогу как жанру стратегия "узнавания" (та или иная новая локальность соотносилась европейским автором с топосами классических землеописаний) обретает в исследуемый период отчетливо художественный аспект. В качестве примера в статье рассматриваются опубликованные в 1849 г. историком П.И. Небольсиным "Заметки на пути из Петербурга в Барнаул". В своих зарисовках сибирского быта автор прибегает к коллажу интертекстуальных цитат из наследия Карамзина, Пушкина и Гоголя. В результате читателю предлагается "узнать" Сибирь не столько как "географию", сколько как "литературу". Формирующаяся литературная классика становится поэтическим инструментом "воображения" восточной окраины как продолжения целостного национального мир

The influence of temperature on the moisture potential in sod-podzolic soil in the autumn and winter periods of the year

The formation features of the potential and temperature dynamics at different levels of soil profile are revealed. The influence of soil temperature in the range of its high positive values on the dynamics of soil moisture potential is established. All lowering of the moisture potential occurs due to an increase in the moisture content. The increase in its content occurs due to precipitation and by pulling moisture from the underlying layers. In winter and in periods with negative temperatures, the moisture content is effected by diffusion of vaporous moisture, and in thawed soil, in liquid form